ABSTRACT Although the female inflorescences of hop (Humulus lupulus L.) are mainly used in the brewing industry, they were first used as a medicinal plant. The antimicrobial potential of secondary metabolites, biosynthesized phenolic compounds, and derivatives such as α- and β-acids have been increasingly researched along with cleaner and more efficient extraction practices. Extraction is one of the methodologies used to isolate components from plant-based materials. Supercritical fluid extraction has become the most commonly used method for removing natural chemical components because it is more environmentally friendly, readily available, and non-hazardous. There is interest among researchers to extract bioactive compounds from hops with benefits for human health. This review describes the antimicrobial potential of compounds extracted from hops. Their composition, antibacterial and antifungal properties are explained. The effect of extraction methods on antimicrobial properties is discussed. Finally, the supercritical CO2 method used to extract the antibacterial and antifungal potential of compounds from hops is reported.

ABSTRACT Introduction: there are geographical differences described regarding post-thyroidectomy complications, but despite the greater knowledge of surgeons for the approach, the fear continues to be the morbidity associated with postoperative complications. Objective: to determine the incidence of complications post total thyroidectomy in the Servicio de Cirugía General of the Centro Médico Nacional-Hospital Nacional between the period between 2018 and 2022. Methodology: observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study, in retrospective time that included patients of both sexes between 18 and 70 years of age admitted to the Servicio de Cirugía General of the Hospital Nacional during the period 2018-2022 for total thyroidectomy. Patients undergoing subtotal thyroidectomy were excluded. For data collection, a data collection instrument was designed where all the variables were included, the data was obtained from the statistics service plus the clinical records of the patients studied. The data were recorded in the Microsoft Office Excel 2010 computer program and analyzed with descriptive statistics using the statistical software SPSS version 24®. Results: the mean age was 47 years, SD ± 13,504, females predominated in 87.8 % (65), the most frequent indication for total thyroidectomy was multinodular goiter 79.7 % (59). Complications were observed in 78. 4% (58), of which hypocalcemia predominated in 55.4% (41), no deaths were recorded. Conclusion: hypocalcemia continues to be the most frequent complication, coinciding with the literature.

RESUMEN Introducción: existen diferencias geográficas descritas respecto a las complicaciones post tiroidectomía, pero pese al mayor conocimiento de los cirujanos para el abordaje, el temor sigue siendo la morbilidad asociada a las complicaciones posoperatorias. Objetivo: determinar la incidencia de complicaciones post tiroidectomía total en el Servicio de Cirugía General del Centro Médico Nacional-Hospital Nacional entre el periodo comprendido entre el 2018 al 2022 Metodología: estudio observacional, descriptivo, de corte trasversal, en tiempo retrospectivo que incluyó pacientes de ambos sexos entre 18 a 70 años de edad internados en el Servicio de Cirugía General del Hospital Nacional durante el periodo 2018- 2022 para tiroidectomía total. Se excluyeron pacientes sometidos a tiroidectomía sub total. Para la recolección de datos se diseñó un instrumento recolector de datos en donde se incluyeron todas las variables, los datos fueron obtenidos del servicio de estadísticas más las fichas clínicas de los pacientes estudiados. Los datos fueron registrados en el programa informático Microsoft Office Excel 2010 y se analizó con estadística descriptiva con el software estadístico SPSS versión 24® Resultados: la media de edad fue de 47 años, DS ± 13,504, predomino el sexo femenino en 87,8 % (65), la indicación para tiroidectomía total más frecuente fue por bocio multinodular 79,7 % (59). Se observaron complicaciones en 78,4 % (58), de los cuales predominó la hipocalcemia en un 55,4 % (41), no se registraron fallecimientos. Conclusión: la hipocalcemia sigue siendo la complicación más frecuente coincidiendo con la literatura.

ABSTRACT Introduction: inguinal hernia is one of the main reasons TAPP, e-TEP (Totally extraperitoneal with extended vision) for surgical consultation and its repair is one of the most common surgical procedures. Objective: to determine the experience in the laparoscopic approach of inguinal hernias by preperitoneal transabdominal technique in the Servicio de Cirugía General of the Centro Médico Nacional-Hospital Nacional. Methodology: retrospective descriptive observational study of cross-sectional time. In patients from 16 to 90 years of age with a diagnosis of inguinal hernia admitted to the Servicio de Cirugía General of the Centro Médico Nacional-Hospital Nacional for elective hernioplasty. Results: 30 hernioplasties were carried out by the TAPP technique, of which 73 % were performed in men and 27 % in women; a mean age of 48.4 years was identified, the age group most frequently being 38 to 48 years. In the pre-surgical physical examination, unilateral inguinal hernias were found in 76.6 % and bilateral in 23.3 %; in most of the patients the hernias were primary in 86.6 % and recurred in 13.3 %. Average surgical time was 93.1 minutes; with a maximum time of 120 minutes and a minimum of 60 minutes. The hospitalization time in 100 % of the patients was 48 hours. Of the post-operative complications, it is established that 76.6% did not present any type of complication; 20 % presented seroma as the main complication and 3.3 % surgical site infection. Conclusion: due to its high frequency and its impact on work and social disability, inguinal hernias represent one of the most important surgical pathologies with low rates of postoperative complications and short hospital stay.

RESUMEN Introducción: la hernia inguinal es uno de los principales motivos de consulta quirúrgica y su reparación es uno de los procedimientos más comunes en cirugía. Objetivo: determinar la experiencia en el abordaje laparoscópico de las hernias inguinales por técnica transabdominal preperitoneal en el Servicio de Cirugía General del Centro Médico Nacional-Hospital Nacional. Metodología: estudio observacional descriptivo retrospectivo de corte temporal transversal. En pacientes de 16 a 90 años de edad con diagnóstico de hernia inguinal internados en el Servicio de Cirugía General del Centro Médico Nacional-Hospital Nacional para hernioplastia electiva. Resultados: se llevaron a cabo 30 hernioplastias por técnica técnica trans-abdominal pre-peritoneal de los cuales el 73 % fue realizado en hombres y 27 % en mujeres; se identificó una media de edad de 48,4 años, el grupo etario con mayor frecuencia fue de 38 a 48 años. En el examen físico pre quirúrgico se encontraron hernias inguinales unilaterales en el 76.6 % y bilaterales en el 23.3 %; en la mayor parte de los pacientes las hernias fueron primarias en el 86.6 %y recidivada en el 13.3 %. El tiempo quirúrgico en promedio fue de 93.1 minutos; con un tiempo máximo de 120 minutos y mínimo de 60 minutos. El tiempo de hospitalización en el 100 % de los pacientes fue de 48 h. De las complicaciones post operatorias se establece que el 76.6 % no presento ningún tipo de complicación; el 20 % presentó seroma como complicación principal y 3.3 % infección del sitio quirúrgico. Conclusión: debido a su alta frecuencia y a su impacto en la incapacidad laboral y social, las hernias inguinales representan una de las patologías quirúrgicas más importantes con bajas tasas de complicaciones post operatorias y corta estancia hospitalaria.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities of three edible seaweed extracts from Chilean coasts: Pyropia orbicularis, Ulva spp, and Durvillaea antarctica. Seaweed extracts in methanol and 70% acetone were performed to evaluate antioxidant and antidiabetic activities, whereas 60% methanol was used to measure anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities. Acetone extracts from D. antarctica had the highest total phenolic content and consequently exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity, while methanol extract of this seaweed presented the highest α-glucosidase inhibition (IC50= 0.004 mg mL-1). In the tests against E. coli and Penicillium sp., the extracts obtained from Ulva spp. were the most effective and exhibited the maximum anti-inflammatory effect against phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate irritant agent (61.8% inhibition) in mice. Results indicated that all evaluated Chilean seaweed extracts are promising candidates for application in functional foods and in the pharmaceutical industry.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar las actividades antioxidantes, antidiabéticas, antiinflamatorias y antimicrobianas de los extractos de tres algas marinas comestibles de las costas Chilenas (Pyropia orbicularis, Ulva spp. y Durvillaea antarctica). Se realizaron extractos de algas marinas en metanol y acetona al 70% para evaluar las actividades antioxidantes y antidiabéticas, mientras que el metanol al 60% se usó para actividades antiinflamatorias y antimicrobianas. Los extractos de acetona de D. antarctica tuvieron el mayor contenido de fenoles totales (TPC) y, en consecuencia, exhibieron la mayor actividad antioxidante, mientras que el extracto metanólico de estas algas presentó la mayor inhibición de la α-glucosidasa (IC50= 0,004 mg mL-1). En las pruebas contra E. coli y Penicillium sp., los extractos obtenidos de Ulva spp., actuaron como los más efectivos y exhibieron el máximo efecto antiinflamatorio contra el agente irritante de forbol 12-miristato 13-acetato (TPA) (inhibición del 61,8%) en ratones. Por lo tanto, los resultados indican que todos los extractos de algas chilenas evaluados pueden ser candidatos prometedores para su aplicación en alimentos funcionales y en las industrias farmacéuticas.

RESUMEN La demanda de los mercados globales por productos frescos requiere la implementación de métodos que permitan prolongar su vida de útil, especialmente en el caso de frutas y vegetales por ser altamente perecederos. Un método de conservación ampliamente utilizado es la refrigeración, sin embargo, la mayoría de los vegetales preservados empleando este método presentan señales de daño por frio durante el almacenamiento. Berenjenas cv C029 recién cosechadas fueron almacenadas a 13°C, empacadas en bolsas de polietileno de baja densidad con perforaciones (PPB), vacío (VPB) y control, durante 5, 10, 15 y 20 d, para evaluar el efecto de la refrigeración sobre sus características físico químicas y visuales. Las muestras de control presentaron considerables síntomas de daño por frio, perdiendo su calidad comercial antes de 10d de almacenamiento. Frutas almacenadas en VPB presentaron pérdida de color, afectando negativamente su apariencia visual, no obstante, preservando su contenido de compuestos fenólicos y evitando el pardeamiento de las semillas. Berenjenas almacenadas en PPB presentaron los mejores resultados en este trabajo, manteniendo sus características organolépticas durante 15d.

ABSTRACT High demand for fresh fruit and vegetables requires the implementation of techniques to extend the shelf life of these highly perishable products. A widely used method for this purpose is the refrigeration; however, it is known that most of the vegetables preserved in this way evidence chilling injury signs during storage. Eggplants cv C029 recently harvested were stored at 13°C packed into low-density polyethylene bags either with perforations (PPB), vacuum packaged (VPB), or unpacked during 5, 10, 15 and 20 days to evaluate the effect of chilling on physicochemical characteristics and visual appearance. Unpacked Eggplants presented remarkable chilling injury symptoms, losing its commercial quality before 10d of storage. Fruit stored in VPB showed discoloration affecting visual appearance but maintains the phenolic compounds and avoided pulp and seeds browning. Eggplants packed in PPB showed the best results in this work, preserving overall characteristics during 15d.

ABSTRACT Murta (Ugni molinae Turcz.) is a native species from central and southern Chile. There is an increasing interest in the plant due to its high content of essential nutrients and beneficial phytochemicals to human health. In fact, the berries contain a wide variety of anthocyanins, which are the main antioxidant compounds. There are some studies on the phytochemical composition and biological activities of murta fruit, but human intervention studies using whole fruits are still lacking. This manuscript reviews the nutritional and phytochemical composition of murta berries and leaves. However, more scientific background is needed to validate the properties of this species so as to gain complete knowledge of the whole shrub in order to develop functional foods and nutraceuticals.

RESUMEN Murta (Ugni molinae Turcz.) es una especie nativa del centro y sur de Chile. La planta ha despertado interés por el alto contenido de nutrientes esenciales y fitoquímicos beneficiosos relevantes para la salud humana. Entre estos fitoquímicos, una amplia variedad de antocianinas son los compuestos antioxidantes más importantes. Existen algunos estudios relacionados con la composición fitoquímica y con la actividad biológica de la fruta de murta, sin embargo, todavía faltan estudios clínicos donde se utilice la fruta. Este manuscrito revisa la composición nutricional y fitoquímica de las bayas y hojas de murta. Sin embargo, se requieren más antecedentes científicos para validar las propiedades de esta especie, a fin de lograr una apreciación real de todo el arbusto para el desarrollo de alimentos funcionales y nutracéuticos.

Resumo: A maioria dos pacientes que necessitam de ventilação > 24 horas e melhoram podem ser extubados depois do primeiro teste de ventilação espontânea. O desafio é melhorar a desconexão dos pacientes que fracassam. A retirada da ventilação mecânica é um elemento essencial no tratamento dos pacientes em estado crítico. Revisamos o processo de retirada do paciente do suporte mecânico e do tubo endotraqueal. O tempo gasto no processo do desmame representa 40 a 50% da duração total da ventilação. Recomenda-se: 1) Prever três grupos, dependendo da dificuldade e duração do desmame, 2) remoção o mais rápido possível, 3) Utilização do teste de ventilação espontânea para determinar se os pacientes podem ser extubadas com êxito, 4) O teste inicial deve durar 30 minutos com respiração em tubo T ou com baixos níveis de suporte, 5) A pressão de suporte e os modos de ventilação AC deve ser eleitos quando existe uma falha no primeiro teste, 6) Considerar a ventilação não invasiva em pacientes selecionados para diminuir a duração da intubação, mas não deve ser usado rotineiramente como uma ferramenta para falha na extubação.

Abstract: The majority of patients requiring ventilation> 24 hours and improving can be extubated after the first spontaneous ventilation test. The challenge is to improve the disconnection of patients who fail. The withdrawal of mechanical ventilation is an essential element in the care of critically ill patients. The process of releasing the patient from the mechanical support and the endotracheal cannula is reviewed. The time spent in the weaning process represents 40 to 50% of the total duration of ventilation. It is recommended: 1) Predict three groups depending on the difficulty and duration of weaning, 2) Removal as soon as possible, 3) Using the spontaneous ventilation test to determine if patients can be successfully extubated, 4) The initial test Should last 30 minutes in T-tube breathing or with low levels of support, 5) Support pressure and modes of AC ventilation should be preferred when they failed in the first test, 6) Consider non-invasive ventilation in selected patients to shorten The duration of intubation, but should not be routinely used as a tool for the failure of extubation.

Resumen: La mayoría de los pacientes que requieren ventilación > 24 horas y mejoran pueden ser extubados tras la primera prueba de ventilación espontánea. El reto es mejorar la desconexión de los pacientes que fracasan. El retiro de la ventilación mecánica es un elemento esencial en el cuidado de los pacientes críticamente enfermos. Se revisa el proceso de liberar al paciente del soporte mecánico y de la cánula endotraqueal. El tiempo empleado en el proceso de destete representa de 40 a 50% de la duración total de la ventilación. Se recomienda: 1) Prever tres grupos en función de la dificultad y duración del destete, 2) Retiro lo más pronto posible, 3) Utilizar la prueba de ventilación espontánea para determinar si los pacientes pueden ser extubados con éxito, 4) La prueba inicial debe durar 30 minutos en respiración en tubo en T o con bajos niveles de soporte, 5) La presión de soporte y los modos de ventilación AC deben preferirse cuando han fracasado en la primera prueba, 6) Considerar ventilación no invasiva en pacientes seleccionados para acortar la duración de la intubación, pero no debe usarse de forma rutinaria como herramienta para el fracaso de la extubación.

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) in Chile represents a source of germplasm with high nutritional value. However, there is little information available related to quinoa seed quality grown under contrasting environments. In this study we evaluated the changes on seed composition of seeds of two lowland/coastal quinoa genotypes grown under arid (Vicuna) and cold-temperate (Temuco) conditions in Chile. Results showed that in the case of ’Regalona Baer’ and ’Villarrica’ genotypes the arid location (with irrigation) led to a significant increase (P < 0.05) in grain yield (4.2 and 5.1 t ha-1, respectively), soluble dietary fiber (16.8 ± 0.4 and 28.9 ± 2.1 g kg-1 DM, respectively), vitamin B3 (2.44 ± 0.005 and 2.26 ± 0.04 mg 100 g-1 DM, respectively), saponins (3.22 ± 0.38 mg 100 g-1 DM, ’Regalona Baer’), phenolic compounds (19.2 ± 5.48 and 31.92 ± 1.14 mg gallic acid 100 g-1 DM, respectively) and components of proximate analysis, except protein content. The cold-temperate climate (rainfed) affected positively seed size (2.22 ± 0.17 mm ’Villarrica’) and 1000 seed weight (3.08 ± 0.08 and 3.29 ± 0.08 g, respectively), as well as insoluble dietary fiber content (112.3 ± 23.8 g kg-1 DM, ’Regalona Baer’). Furthermore, vitamin C was higher in ’Regalona Baer’ genotype at arid locality (31.22 ± 4.2 mg 100 g-1 DM), but much higher content was registered in ’Villarrica’ genotype at cold-temperate climate (49.3 ± 5.36 mg 100 g-1 DM). The environment-induced relationship among variables and genotypes was consistent with principal component analysis (PCA). The arid region of Vicuna in Chile represents a potential area for quinoa cultivation for lowland/coastal quinoa genotypes, whose nutritional and functional features were affected positively, due to the much more stressing climatic conditions.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo a análise das propriedades agronômicas, físicas, nutricionais e antioxidantes de seis genótipos diferentes de quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd), cultivados em três distintas zonas geográficas do Chile. Ancovinto e Cancosa, provenientes do norte do Altiplano (19 ºS), Cahuil e Faro, originários do centro (34 ºS), e Regalona e Villarica, do sul (39 ºS), foram representativos da alta diferenciação genética das amostras combinadas, em particular entre Altiplano e os grupos centro-sul. O ensaio do jardim de coleção a 30 ºS mostrou diferenças significativas entre as origens das sementes em todos os parâmetros morfométricos e também nos rendimentos. Os genótipos do Altiplano apresentaram uma panícula de maior comprimento, mas sem produção de sementes. Também se observou uma influência significativa dos genótipos diferentes de quinoa na composição química e propriedades funcionais. A concentração de proteína variou de 11,13 a 16,18 g.100 g-1 d.m., enquanto o conteúdo de fibra alimentar total de 8,07-12,08 g.100 g-1 de d.m., sendo ambos mais elevados no ecotipo Villarrica. Também se observou um equilíbrio adequado de aminoácidos essenciais. A sacarose foi o açúcar dominante em todos os genótipos. A atividade antioxidante foi alta em todos os genótipos, sendo maior no Faro (79,58% de inibição).

The present study was focused on the analysis of agronomical, nutritional, physicochemical, and antioxidant properties of six genetically different quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) genotypes cultivated in three distinctive geographical zones of Chile. Ancovinto and Cancosa genotypes from the northern Altiplano (19 ºS), Cáhuil and Faro from the central region (34 ºS), and Regalona and Villarica from the southern region (39 ºS) are representative of high genetic differentiation among the pooled samples, in particular between Altiplano and the central-southern groups. A Common-Garden Assay at 30 ºS showed significant differences among seed origins in all morphometric parameters and also in yields. Altiplano genotypes had larger panicule length but no seed production. A significant influence of the different quinoa genotypes on chemical composition and functional properties was also observed. Protein concentration ranged from 11.13 to 16.18 g.100 g-1 d.m., while total dietary fiber content ranged from 8.07-12.08 g.100 g-1 d.m., and both were the highest in Villarrica ecotype. An adequate balance of essential amino acids was also observed. Sucrose was the predominant sugar in all genotypes. Antioxidant activity was high in all genotypes, and it was highest in Faro genotype (79.58% inhibition).

Introducción. La medicina tradicional es una invaluable fuente de investigación de nuevos remedios como complemento para el tratamiento del accidente ofídico, considerado como un grave problema de salud pública a nivel mundial. Objetivo. Este trabajo de investigación pretende comprobar la capacidad de neutralizar los efectos hemorrágicos, coagulantes y proteolíticos, de los extractos de hojas de Renealmia alpinia, usada tradicionalmente por los indígenas del Chocó (Colombia) contra la mordedura de la serpiente Bothrops asper, causante de la gran mayoría de los accidentes ofídicos en nuestro país. Materiales y métodos. Se llevaron a cabo ensayos de toxicidad aguda y de actividad analgésica in vivo de R. alpinia. Además, se hicieron ensayos in vitro sobre inhibición de las actividades coagulante, hemolítica y proteolítica del veneno de B. asper. Resultados. El presente estudio demuestra que R. alpinia no produce efectos tóxicos en animales de experimentación; además, presenta efectos analgésicos in vivo y antiofídicos in vitro,y protege contra los efectos letales del veneno de B. asper, in vivo. Conclusión. Renealmia alpinia puede ser una buena alternativa terapéutica como complemento al tratamiento con antiveneno en el accidente ofídico, por sus efectos analgésicos y antiofídicos.

Introduction. Traditional medicine is an invaluable source of research into new medicines as a supplement for the treatment of snakebite, considered as a serious public health problem worldwide. The extracts of the medicinal plant, Renealmia alpina, have been used traditionally by indigenous people of Chocó (Colombia) against Bothrops asper snakebite, a snake responsible for the majority of snakebite accidents in Colombia. Objective. The ability of extracts of R. alpinia leaves was tested for its ability to neutralize the hemorrhagic, coagulant and proteolytic effects of the snakebite venom of B. asper. Materials and methods. The acute toxicity tests and analgesic activity of R. alpina were evaluated in vivo. In addition, tests were undertaken in in vitro conditions to demonstrate inhibition of coagulant, haemolytic and proteolytic activity of the B. asper venom. Results. Renealmia alpinia extracts had no toxic effects in experimental animals and also provided analgesic and antiophidian effects and protection against the lethal effects of the venom of B. asper. Conclusion. Renealmia. alpinia was an effective therapeutic alternative in association with antivenom treatment in the event of a B. asper snakebite accident. It was demonstrated to protect against the lethal effects and provided analgesic properties as well.